TAGEBAU
–—
Einführung in den Tagebau, Tagebau- und Steinbruchprozesse sowie Wirtschaft, Management, Automatisierung und Digitalisierung von Tagebaubetrieben
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Vorwort
- Einführung in den Tagebau
- Bergbau-Glossar
- Mining methods
- Raw material & commodities
- Mine & mine planning
- Deposit & Geology
- Rock mechanics
- Production factors
- Overburden removal
- Drilling, Blasting & Explosives
- Extraction & Hauling
- Mobile machinery
- Mine infrastructure
- Processing & stationary machinery
- Personnel
- Environmental aspects
- Products & Sales
- Economics & Cost calculation
- Download …
- Impressum
Vorwort
In the diverse field of Surface mining, where minerals or materials are extracted near the earth´s survace, this book focuses on quarries and open-pit mines. This is because Aggregate mining or Quarrying (sand, gravel and crushed stone) is the dominant form of open-pit mining in Europe, followed by Open-pit mining for industrial minerals or various ores.
Strip mining or Open-cast mining in near-surface area, which is common for coal and lignite plays a role in Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia and Kosovo. As a speciality among European mines it is not covered in this book.
Other types of open-pit mining, such as Mountaintop removal and Placer mining are non-existent or rare due to stringent environmental guidelines and an emphasis on sustainable and less invasive mining methods. Placer mining now only takes place in limited, small-scale, artisanal contexts.
This handbook provides a comprehensive examination of the most important aspects of open-pit mines and quarries that are relevant to professionals and students alike. The book is divided into the following chapters:
- Introduction to open-pit mining: Defines open pit mining in relation to underground mining, highlighting its importance in the extraction of key raw materials as well as its role in various industries. Statistical data on the global production of raw materials from open-pit mines will also be integrated.
- Raw materials science and geology in open-pit mining: A deposit is an accumulation of mineral raw materials that can be mined economically. Deposits can be classified according to various criteria, such as the type of mineral raw material, the type of rock and the technical rock parameters. This chapter deals with the basics of deposit science, geological exploration and evaluation of deposits, and rock mechanics in open-pit mining.
- Planning and design of open-pit mines: The choice of mining method depends on the type of deposit, the technical rock parameters and the economic conditions. Common mining methods in open-cast mining are mechanical mining (e.g. by tearing) and drilling and blasting. This chapter deals with mining planning and methods, the design and dimensioning of opencast mines.
- Production factors in mining: This chapter examines both conventional and modern factors of production in mining, including the role of land, labour and capital as well as performance, means of production and raw materials. It also discusses the importance of energy, knowledge, and the process of transforming goods and services into money as part of the sales process.
- Mining technologies in open-pit mining and quarries: This chapter provides a detailed description of the most important processes in open pit mining such as drilling, blasting, loading, conveying and processing. The individual steps and the machinery and technologies used are covered, including conventional mining methods and the use of continuous extraction systems.
- Mobile mining machines and their activities: This chapter introduces the different types of mobile mining equipment and their respective activities. The selection of machines is explained depending on the mining volume, the conveying distance and the economic aspects. The focus is on connectivity between the deposit and the mine infrastructure, taking into account the mining plan and the mined raw materials.
- Processing of raw materials: This chapter introduces the basics of processing technology, such as comminution, classification, separation and concentration. The various processing processes and plants are described in detail and the selection of suitable processes and plants depending on the type of raw material and the requirements for the end product are explained. The importance of reprocessing for the production of marketable products is emphasized.
- Economic aspects: Cost accounting is an important tool for planning, controlling and controlling costs in mining. This chapter looks at the different types of costs in open pit mining, cost control, and investment decisions. It also discusses the role of economic analysis in assessing the profitability of mining projects.
- Organization and management: This chapter sheds light on the organizational structure and processes in mining companies. Topics such as process management, data management and the organization of resources (personnel, machines, energy, deposits, products) are discussed.
- Automation and digitalization: This chapter discusses how automation and digitalization will fundamentally change the mining industry. It provides an overview of various information systems in open-pit mining and discusses the application of data analysis and process optimization. The importance of data-driven decisions for increasing efficiency and productivity in open-pit mining is emphasized.
- Operational efficiency and process optimization: This chapter examines the possibilities of data analysis and process optimization in open-pit mining using data mining, machine learning and business intelligence. The importance of data-driven decisions for increasing efficiency and productivity in open-pit mining is highlighted. Various KPIs for mining processes will be presented, including metrics for mass flow, machine efficiency, and fleet performance.
- Legal and social aspects of open-pit mining: This chapter deals with the legal basis of opencast mining, in particular mining law and licensing procedures. It highlights the importance of complying with legal requirements for the safe and environmentally sound operation of open-pit. In addition, the challenges of social acceptance of mining projects and the importance of dialogue with stakeholders and transparent communication about the impacts of open-pit mining are addressed.
- Mining Glossary: A comprehensive glossary of the most important technical terms in the areas of mining methods, mine planning, raw materials, deposits, rock mechanics, mining, mobile machinery, mining infrastructure, processing, personnel, environmental aspects, products and economic efficiency.
Keywords: Quarry, open pit mine, raw material, deposit, strip ratio, production cycle, mining products, cost calculation, mining KPIs
Einführung in den Tagebau
Definition and Importance of Open Pit Mining
This section was intended to define open pit mining as a method of mining compared to underground mining, highlighting its importance in the extraction of key raw materials as well as its role in various industries. Statistical data on the global production of raw materials from open-pit mines can also be integrated.
Overview of the main mining methods
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. There are two main types of mining methods:
- Underground mining: The extraction of raw materials takes place underground.
- Surface mining: The raw materials are mined from the earth's surface.
In the context of this book, the term surface mining refers to the two forms:
- Open-pit mining and
- Quarrying
Underground mining
Underground mining is a method of extracting raw materials in which the raw materials are mined below the earth's surface. Unlike open-pit mining, which allows mining from the surface, underground mining requires the construction of tunnels, shafts or galleries to access the deposits. This method is used when the orebodies are deep, have a vertical orientation, or have irregular shapes.
Underground mining can be more dangerous for workers compared to open-pit mining, as it involves working in confined spaces and underground tunnels. However, it may have a lower impact on the surface and is therefore often preferred in areas where there are environmental or safety concerns.
Open-pit mining and quarrying
Open-pit mining and quarrying are two forms of surface mining in which mineral resources are extracted from the earth's surface. The main difference between open-pit mining and quarrying lies in the type of material mined and the scale of operations.
Open-pit mining is typically used for the mining of low-grade mineralized ores such as coal, copper, iron ore, gold, but also industrial minerals. It is a large-scale operation an may require the removal of large amounts of overburden (rock and soil covering the deposit) and the creation of a large, open pit mine.
In contrast to opencast mining, quarries are used to extract rocks such as limestone, granite and basalt, which are used as construction materials. They are generally smaller than open-cast mines and require less overburden removal. In quarries, the rock is usually extracted by drilling and blasting or by mechanical extraction methods.
Significance of open-pit mining
As open-pit mining is a significant method for extracting minerals from the Earth, it´s estimated that approximately 70 % of the world´s annual mineral production is obtained through open-pit mining 1. This method is particuarly effective for extracting large quantities of minerals such as copper, iron, gold and coal.
The choice between open pit mining and underground mining depends on factors such as ore depth, ore shape, safety aspects, environmental impact and economic feasibility. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of the appropriate mining method is based on the specific characteristics of the ore deposit and the objectives of the project.
What´s the differentiation to other mining methods?
The main difference between open-pit mining and other mining methods, such as underground mining, lies in the way the valuable minerals or ores are accessed and mined. Here are the key differentiators:
1.) Access to Ore Deposit:
- Open-pit mining: In open-pit mining, the ore is located near the surface, and a large, open excavation (pit) is created to access and extract the valuable materials. This method is suitable when the ore body is relatively shallow and extends horizontally.
- Underground Mining: In underground mining, tunnels, shafts, or declines are used to access ore deposits that are located deeper below the Earth's surface. This method is employed when ore bodies are deep, vertical, or have irregular shapes.
2.) Extraction Process:
- Open-pit mining: The extraction process involves removing overburden (the rock and soil covering the ore) with heavy machinery, such as excavators and trucks. Once the overburden is removed, the ore is exposed and can be extracted using equipment like bulldozers and shovels.
- Underground Mining: In underground mining, ore is extracted from the ore body directly, using methods like drilling, blasting, and tunneling. Miners work within the mine's underground network to access and extract the ore.
3.) Safety and environmental aspects:
- Open-pit mining: Open-pit mining is generally considered safer for workers because it is not necessary to work in confined spaces underground. However, it can have a larger environmental footprint because large open pits have to be dug and the overburden disposed of.
- Underground mining: Underground mining can be more dangerous for workers because of the potential risks associated with working in confined spaces and underground tunnels. However, it can have a lower impact on the surface and is often preferred in areas where there are environmental safety concerns.
4.) Accessibility of resources:
- Open-pit mining: Suitable for ore bodies that are close to the surface, extensive and have relatively shallow or slightly inclined formations.
- Underground mining: Used for ore bodies that lie deeper, have irregular shapes, or are located in populated areas where minimizing surface disturbances is a priority.
5.) Cost Considerations:
- Open-pit mining: Typically, open-pit mining is cheaper in terms of initial development costs and may be more cost-effective for mining shallow, horizontally extensive ore bodies.
- Underground mining: Underground mining can be more costly due to the need for tunneling, ventilation, and support systems. However, it may be the only viable option for deep or irregularly shaped ore bodies.
Commodities that are mined through open pit mining and quarrying
Open pit mining is used to extract a variety of mineral resources that can be grouped as follows:
1.) Metals
Ferrous and ferroalloy metals
- Iron: Iron is the most important metal in this category and is mainly used to make steel.
- Manganese: Manganese is an important alloying element in steelmaking that improves hardness and toughness.
- Chromium: Chromium is also used as an alloying element in steel production and increases corrosion resistance.
- Molybdenum: Molybdenum is a transition metal used in alloys and catalysts. It is often extracted as a by-product of copper mining.
- Tungsten: Tungsten is a very high melting point metal and is used for carbide tools, filaments, and other high-temperature applications.
Non-ferrous metals
- Aluminum: Aluminum is a lightweight and corrosion-resistant metal that is used in many applications such as packaging, transportation, and construction. Bauxite, the most important aluminium ore, is mined in open-pit mining.
- Copper: Copper is an excellent electrical conductor and is used in electrical engineering, electronics and construction.
- Zinc: Zinc is mainly used to galvanize steel to prevent corrosion.
- Lead: Lead is used in batteries, alloys and radiation protection.
- Nickel: Nickel is a corrosion-resistant metal used in alloys, batteries, and catalytic converters.
- Tin: Tin is used in alloys, solders, and coatings.
- Titanium: Titanium is a light and strong metal used in the aerospace, medical technology and chemical industries. Illmenite is an important titanium ore.
Precious metals
- Gold: Gold is a precious metal used in jewelry, electronics, and as a form of investment. It is known for its corrosion resistance and high value.
- Silver: Silver is another precious metal used in jewelry, electronics, and photography. It is often extracted together with gold and copper in open-pit mining.
- Platinum metals: Platinum metals include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They are used in catalytic converters, jewelry and electronic components.
2.) Industrial minerals
- Limestone: Limestone is a sedimentary rock used in the construction industry, cement production, and agriculture. Large open-pit mines and quarries are used to extract limestone.
- Talc/Pyrophyllite: Talc and pyrophyllite are phyllosilicates used in various industries, including the paper, plastics and paints. industries.
- Magnesite: Magnesite is a magnesium carbonate mineral used in the steel industry, cement industry, and chemical industry.
- Bentonite: Bentonite is a swelling clay mineral used in the construction, cosmetics, and food industries.
- Gypsum: Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral used in the construction industry to make plasterboard and plaster.
- Phosphates: Phosphates are also important raw materials for the production of fertilizers.
- TiO2: Titanium dioxide is an important pigment used in paints, plastics, and paper.
- Apatite: Apatite is a mineral used to make fertilizers.
- Phosphates: Phosphates are also used as fertilizers.
- Clays: Clays are used in the ceramics, brick and paper industries.
3.) Raw materials for construction
- Sand and gravel: Aggregate for concrete and asphalt in road construction. Extraction ot the unconsolidated sedimentary rock takes place in sand and gravel pits, mostly obtained by wet extraction.
- Sand, chippings an ballast: Aggregates produces by crushing solid rock. These products serve as the basis for road or railway construction, concrete and asphalt.
4.) Energy raw materials:
- Coal: Coal is a fossil fuel used to generate electricity. Open-pit mining is a widely used method of coal mining, but it is increasingly criticized for its environmental impact.
- Oil shale: Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains oil and can be mined in open-pit mining.
- Uranium: Uranium is a radioactive element used as fuel in nuclear power plants. Uranium is also extracted in open-pit mining.
5.) Gemstones:
- Diamonds: Often found in kimberlite pipes, which are accessed through open-pit mining.
- Emeralds: Extracted from open-pit mines in countries like Colombia and Zambia.
- Sapphires: Mined from open pits in places like Australia and Madagascar.
- Rubies: Found in open-pit mines in countries such as Myanmar and Mozambique.
- Opals: Mined from open pits in Australia, particularly in regions like Coober Pedy and Lightning Ridge.
6.) Other:
- Dimension stone: Dimension stone refers to natural stones that are quarried in certain sizes and shapes for use in the construction industry, architecture and art. Examples of dimension stone include granite, marble, slate, limestone, and sandstone.
- Asbestos: Asbestos is a fibrous mineral that was once used as a building material, but is now banned due to its carcinogenic effects.
Statistic on the extraction of raw materials
Raw materials extraction worldwide
The Wold Mining Data 1 publication provides comprehensive statistics on global mineral production, including data on commodities mined through open-pit mining and quarries. According to the latest edition, the report covers production figures for 65 mineral commodities from 168 countries. This includes detailed information on various types of minerals such as iron, copper, gold, and industrial minerals.
Key statistics on global mineral production from the "World Mining Data 2024" report, presented in tons per year:
1.) Metals
Iron and Ferro-Alloy Metals:
- Iron Ore: Approximately 2.5 billion tons
- Chromium: Around 40 million tons
- Manganese: About 20 million tons
- Nickel: Roughly 2.5 million tons
Non-Ferrous Metals:
- Copper: Approximately 20 million tons
- Aluminum (Bauxite): Around 370 million tons
- Zinc: About 13 million tons
- Lead: Roughly 5 million tons
Precious Metals:
- Gold: Approximately 3,500 tons
- Silver: Around 27,000 tons
2.) Industrial Minerals:
- Limestone: Over 4 billion tons
- Gypsum: Around 150 million tons
- Potash: About 60 million tons
3.) Mineral Fuels:
- Coal: Approximately 7.8 billion tons
- Oil: Around 4.5 billion tons
- Natural Gas: Roughly 3.9 trillion cubic meters (converted to tons for comparison)
The World Mining Production on minerals, considering the 3 previous main groups are approx. 18,7 bnt (billion metric tonnes).
Aggregates are not covered by the World Mining Data, but estimations are available from the 2.
Global aggregates production is estimated to approx. 40bnt (billion metric tonnes), produced in around 200,000 quarries and pits worldwide, estimated to employ up to 3.5 million people. The aggregates sector is by far the largest extractive industry globally in terms of its numbers of sites, production tonnages and people employed. Aggregates are the most consumed bulk product on the plante - over 5 tonnes (metric)/person/year) 2
The Overall World Mining Production in 2022 can be estimated to a total of approx. 58,7 bnt (billion metric tonnes).
Bergbau-Glossar
Die Geschichte des Bergbaus ist untrennbar mit seiner spezifischen Sprache verbunden. Eine technisch-wissenschaftliche Betrachtung des Bergbaus ist ohne die Verwendung und Kenntnis der Bergmannssprache und der bergbauspezifischen Begriffe schlichtweg unmöglich. Das Gleiche gilt für wirtschaftliche Betrachtungen, insbesondere die Kostenrechnung und die Bergbauökonomie. Dieses Glossar gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Begriffe, die in diesem Buch verwendet werden. Es ist nach den behandelten Hauptthemen gegliedert.
Vielen Dank an Herrn Wenqing Wang für die Übersetzung ins Chinesische.
Mining methods
Surface mining methods are generally categorized into two broad groups based on the method of extraction:
- Mechanical Extraction Methods
- Aqueous Extraction Methods
Aqueous Extraction Methods involve water, or occasionally other liquids, to extract minerals.
| Englisch | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Aqueous extraction | Nassabbau | 水力采矿 |
| Borehole extraction | Bohrlochbergbau | 钻爆法 |
| Dimension stone quarrying | Werksteingewinnung | 料石开采 |
| Dredging | (Nass)baggergewinnung | 采捞采矿 |
| Gravel pit | Kiesgrube | 砾石采场 |
| Leaching | Laugungsbergbau | 浸出 |
| Mining methods | Abbauverfahren | 采矿方法 |
| Mechanical extraction | Mechanische Gewinnung | 机械式开采 |
| Open pit mining | Tagebau | 露天开采 |
| Open cast mining | Abbau oberflächennaher Flöze | |
| Placer mining | Seifenabbau | 砂矿淘采 |
| Quarry | Steinbruch | 采石场 |
| Sand and gravel pit | Sand und Kiesgrube | 沙石矿 |
| Solution mining | Lösungsbergbau | 溶浸采矿 |
| Strip mining | Abbau oberflächennaher Flöze | |
| Surface mining | Tagebau | 露天开采 |
| Surface mining methods | Tagebauverfahren | 露天采矿方法 |
Raw material & commodities
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Aggregates | Baurohstoffe / Zuschlagsstoffe | 骨料 |
| Ballast | Schotter | 碎石 / 道碴 |
| Bank density | Festgesteinsdichte | 原位密度 |
| Coal | Kohle | 煤 |
| Commodity; Raw materials | Rohstoff | 矿产资源 |
| Fragmentation | Korngrößenzusammensetzung | 粒径分布 |
| Gravel | Kies | 砾石 |
| Industrial mineral | Industrieminerale | 工业矿物 |
| Iron ore | Eisenerz | 铁矿石 |
| Loose densitiy | Schüttdichte | 松散密度 |
| Loose rock | Lockergestein | 松散岩石 |
| Non-ferrous metall | Nichteisenmetalle | 有色金属 |
| Ore | Erz | 矿石 |
| Ore grade | Erzgehalt | 矿石品位 |
| Platinum group metals (PGMs) | Platingruppenmetalle (PGM) | 铂族金属 |
| Raw materials | Rohstoffe | 矿产资源 |
| Rock density | Gesteinsdichte | 岩石密度 |
| Sand | Sand | 沙子 |
| Salt | Salz | 岩盐 |
| Solid rock | Festgestein | 固体岩石 or 完整岩石 |
| Technical parameters | Technische Gesteinsparameter | 岩石技术参数 |
Non-ferrous metalls are: copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, lead, magnesium, gold, silver, … Platinum group metals (PGMs) are: rutenium, rhodizm, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum
Mine & mine planning
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Angle of repose | Natürlicher Böschungswinkel | 安息角 |
| Berm | Berme | 路堤 |
| Bench | Etage | 台阶 |
| Bench crest | Etagenkante | 台阶坡顶 |
| Bench face | Bruchwand o. Ortsbrust | 台阶坡面 |
| Bench toe | Etagenfuß | 台阶坡脚 |
| Bench height | Etagenhöhe | 台阶高度 |
| Bench slope angle | Böschungsneigungswinkel | 坡角 |
| Drilling & Blasting | Bohren & Sprengen | 钻孔爆破 |
| Final pit limit | Abbauendzustand des Tagebaus | 最终境界 |
| Final pit slop | Endböschung | 最终境界 |
| Haul roads | Förderstrecken | 运输路线 |
| Haulage ramp | Förderrampe | 运输坡道 |
| Mining phase | Abbauphase | 开采阶段 |
| Mine planning | Bergbauplanung | 采矿规划 |
| Mineral block model | Blockmodell des Wertminerals | 矿石块段模型 |
| Reclamation | Rekultivierung | 复垦 |
| Overall pit slope angle | Generalneigung | 最终边坡角 |
| Overburden | Abraum | 覆土 |
| Strip Mining | Tagebau of oberflächennahe Flöze | |
| Stripping Ratio | Abraumverhältnis | 剥采比 |
| Surface mine design | Tagebauplanung | 露天矿山规划 |
| Survey | Vermessung | 勘测 |
| Waste disposal | Bergehalde | 废石堆 |
Deposit & Geology
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Core drilling | Kernbohrung | 岩心钻探 |
| Deposit | Lagerstätte | 矿床 |
| Exploration | Exploration | 勘探 |
| Exploration permit | Explorationsgenehmigung | 探矿权 / 探矿许可证 |
| Geology | Geologie | 地质 |
| Geophysics | Geophysik | 地球物理 |
| Ground penetration radar | Bodenradar | 探地雷达 |
| Mining permit | Abbaugenehmigung | 采矿权 / 采矿许可证 |
| Outcrops | Ausbiss | 矿体露头 |
| Prospection | Prospektion | 勘察 |
| Reserves | Reserven | 储量 |
| Resources | Ressourcen | 资源 |
| Stripping ratio | Abraumverhältnis | 剥采比 |
Rock mechanics
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Compressive strength | Druckfestigkeit | 抗压强度 |
| Hard rock | Hartgestein | 抗压强度 |
| Los-Angeles-value (LA) | Los-Angeles-Wert | 洛杉矶值 |
| Polished stone value (PSV) | Polierfaktor | 石料磨光值 |
| Rock | Gestein | 岩石 |
| Rock mass | Gebirgskörper, Gebirge | 岩体 |
| Rock mechanics | Fels-, Gebirgsmechanik | 岩石力学 |
| Rock strength | Gesteinsfestigkeit | 岩石强度 |
| Shear stength | Scherfestigkeit | 剪切强度 |
| Soft rock | Weichgestein | 软岩 |
| Tensile strength | Zugfestigkeit | 抗拉强度 |
Production factors
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Production factor | Produktionsfaktor | 生产要素 |
Overburden removal
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Overburden | Abraum | 覆土 |
| Stripping ratio | Abraumverhältnis | 剥采比 |
Drilling, Blasting & Explosives
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Back break | 排后过爆 | |
| Bank angle | Etagenneigungswinkel | 坡角 |
| Bank face | Etagenwand | 坡面 |
| Bit | Bohrkrone | 钻头 |
| Bench height | Etagenhöhe | 台阶高度 |
| Burden | Vorgabe | |
| Blast design | Sprengplanung | 爆破设计 |
| Blasting | Sprengen | 爆破 |
| Charge | Ladung im Bohrloch | 装药 |
| Crest | Kante | 坡肩 |
| Delay | Verzögerung | 延迟 / 延时 |
| Detonating cord | Sprengschnur | 引爆索 |
| Diameter | Durchmesser | 孔径 |
| Down-the-whole drill rig | Imlochhammer-Bohrgerät | 潜孔锤钻机 |
| Drilling | Bohren | 钻孔 / 钻进 |
| Drill hole | Bohrloch | 炮孔 |
| Drill hole inclination | Bohrlochneigung | 钻孔倾角 / 孔斜 |
| Drill hole orientation | Bohrlochausrichtung | 钻孔方向 / 钻孔方位 |
| Electric detonators | Elektrische Zünder | 电雷管 |
| Electronic detonatos | Elektronische Zünder | 电子雷管 |
| Explosives | Sprengstoff | 炸药 |
| Explosive column height | Ladehöhe | 装药高度 |
| Free face | Freie Fläche | 自由面 |
| Floor | 坡底面 | |
| Front burden | 前排抵抗线 | |
| Detonator | Zünder | 雷管 |
| Decking | 炮孔堵口 | |
| Drill rig | Bohrgerät | 钻机 |
| Drill bit | Bohrkrone | 钻头 |
| Drill rod | Bohrstange | 钻杆 |
| Hole diameter | Bohrlochdurchmesser | 孔径 |
| Hole depth | Bohrlochtiefe | 孔深 |
| Penetration rate | Bohrgeschwindigkeit | 钻速 / 进尺速度 |
| Presplitting | Vorspalten | 预裂爆破 |
| Rod | Bohrstange | 钻杆 |
| Row | Reihe | 排 |
| Side break | 侧向过爆 | |
| Sub grade / Subdrilling | Unterbohrung | 孔底超深 |
| Spacing | Seitenabstand | 孔间距 |
| Stem height / Stemming | Besatz o. Verdämmung | 炮泥 |
| Swell factor | Auflockerungsfaktor | 松散系数 |
| Time delay | Zeitverzögerung | 延时 |
| Toe | Fuß | 坡脚 |
| Tophammer drill rig | Außenhammer-Bohrmaschine | 顶锤钻机 |
Extraction & Hauling
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Cutting | Schneiden | |
| Cycle time | Zyklen- o. Umlaufzeit | 循环时间 |
| Diggability | Ladbarkeit | |
| Dumping | Abladen | 卸料 |
| Dredging | Greifbagger | |
| Excavation | Abbau | 开采 / 挖掘 |
| Loading | Laden | 装载 |
| Mechanical excavation | Mechanischer Abbau | 机械开采 |
| Ripping | Reißen | 剥离 |
| Solution mining | Lösungsbergbau | 溶浸采矿 |
Mobile machinery
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Availability | Verfügbarkeit | 可用性 |
| Articulated truck | Knickgelenkte Mulde | 关节式自卸车 |
| Bucket | Radladerschaufel | 轮式装载机铲斗 |
| Bucket payload | Schaufelkapazität | 铲斗容量 / 斗容 |
| Bucket fill factor | Schaufelfüllfaktor | 铲斗填充系数 |
| Breakout force | Ausbrechkraft | 破碎力 |
| Drill rig | Bohrmaschine | 钻机 |
| Drive | Fahren | 驾驶 |
| Cable shovel | Seilbagger | 绳索铲 |
| Economic life | Wirtschaftliche Lebensdauer | 经济寿命 |
| Excavator | Kettenbagger | 履带式挖掘机 |
| Equipment availability | Geräteverfügbarkeit | 设备可用性 |
| Fleet availability | Flottenverfügbarkeit | 车队可用性 |
| Fleet management system (FMS) | Flottenmanagementsystem | 车队管理系统 |
| Fleet probability | Flottenwahrscheinlichkeit | 车队概率 |
| Front shovel | Hochlöffelbagger | 正铲挖掘机 |
| Fuel consumption | Treibstoffverbrauch | 燃油消耗 |
| Grader | Grader | 平地机 |
| Gross weight | Gesamtgewicht (brutto) | 总重 |
| Idle | Leerlauf | 怠速 / 闲置 |
| Lubrication | Schmiermittel | 润滑 / 润滑剂 |
| Maintenance | Wartung | 维修 / 保养 |
| Mining fleet | Bergbauflotte | 矿山车队 |
| Net weight | Eigengewicht (netto) | 自重 |
| Payload | Nutzlast (tara) | 载重 |
| OEM | Original Equipment Manufacturer | 原设备制造商 |
| Operating weight | Dienstgewicht | 工作重量 / 运行重量 |
| Performance | Leistung | 性能 |
| Power consumption | Leistungsaufnahme | 功率消耗 |
| Repair | Reparatur | 维修 / 维护 |
| Rigid truck | Starrrahmen Mulde | 一体式自卸卡车 |
| Road truck | Straßen LKW | 公路卡车 |
| Rolling resistance | Rollwiderstand | 滚动阻力 |
| Shovel | Baggerlöffel | 挖掘机铲斗 |
| Spare parts | Ersatzteile | 备件 |
| Telematics | Telematik | 远程信息处理系统 |
| Truck | SLKW > Schwerlast LKW | 重型卡车 |
| Weight | Gewicht | 重量 |
| Wheel loader | Radlader | 轮式装载机 |
| Working condition | Einsatzbedingung | 运行条件 / 工况 |
Mine infrastructure
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Facilities | Anlagen, Einrichtungen | 设施和设备 |
| Fuel station | Tankstelle | 加油站 |
| Office | Büro | 办公室 |
| Railway connection | Bahnanschluss | 铁路连接 |
| Work shop | Werkstätte | 车间 |
Processing & stationary machinery
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Chamber press | Filterkammerpresse | 厢式压滤机 |
| Cone crusher | Kegelbrecher | 圆锥破碎机 |
| Control system | Steuerungssystem | 控制系统 |
| Conveyor belt | Förderband | 传送带 |
| Crusher | Brecher | 破碎机 |
| Feeder | (Material)Aufgabe | 给料机 |
| Flotation | Flotation | 浮选 |
| Hopper | Aufgabebunker | 料斗 |
| Impact crusher | Prallmühle | 反击式破碎机 |
| Intermediate storage | Zwischenlager | 临时存放 / 中转存储 |
| Jaw crusher | Backenbrecher | 颚式破碎机 |
| Maintenance | Wartung | 维修 |
| Mill | Mühle | 磨机 |
| Rail line | Eisenbahnlinie | 铁路 |
| Power control | Leistungssteuerung | 功率控制 |
| Processing plant | Aufbereitungsanlage | 选矿厂 |
| Repair | Reparatur | 维修 / 维护 |
| Screen | Sieb | 筛子 |
| Selection | Selektion | 分选 |
| Sieving | Sieben | 筛分 |
| Sortation | Sortierung | 分选 |
| Stock pile | Halde, Vorratslager | 料堆 |
Personnel
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Health & Safety | Gesundheit & Sicherheit | 健康与安全 |
| Operators | Bedienpersonal | 操作人员 |
| Skills | Fähigkeiten | 技能 |
| Training | Training | 培训 |
| Qualification | Qualifikation | 资质 |
| Safety checks | Sicherheitskontrollen | 安全检查 |
| Safety regulations | Sicherheitsregeln | 安全规定 / 安全章程 |
Environmental aspects
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Emissions | Emissionen | 排放 / 排放物 |
| Dust control | Staubschutz | 粉尘控制 |
| Neighbours | Nachbarn | 邻居 |
| Light pollution | Lichtverschmutzung | 光污染 |
| Noise | Lärm | 噪音 |
| Particulate Matter (PM) 2,5 | Feinstaub 2,5 µm | PM2.5 |
| Water tratement | Wasseraufbereitung | 水处理 |
Products & Sales
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Customers | Kunden | 客户 |
| Delivery range | Lieferradius | 交付范围 |
| Ex works (EXW) | Ab Werk | 工厂交货 |
| Delivered at place unloaded (DPU) | Geliefert und am Bestimmungsort entladen | 目的地卸货交货 |
| Delivery note | Lieferschein | 交货单 |
| Global market | Weltmarkt | 全球市场 |
| Incoterms | Vertragsformeln | 国际贸易术语 |
| Offer | Angebot | 报价 |
| Order | Bestellung | 订单 |
| Product heap | Produkthaufen | 产品堆 |
| Product quality regulations | Qualitätsbestimmungen des Produktes | 产品质量规定 |
| Sales | Verkauf | 销售 |
| Transport | Transport | 运输 |
| Regional market | Regionaler Markt | 区域市场 |
| Weighbridge | Brückenwaage | 地磅 |
Economics & Cost calculation
| English | German | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Break even point | Rentabilitätsgrenze | 盈亏平衡点 / 收支平衡点 |
| Business accounting form | Betriebsabrechnungsbogen (BAB) | 业务会计表格 |
| Business process | Geschäftsprozess | 业务流程 |
| Contribution margin | Deckungsbeitrag | 贡献边际 |
| Commodities | Rohstoffe | 商品 |
| Cost centre | Kostenstelle | 成本中心 |
| Cost type | Kostenart | 成本类型 |
| Cost type group | Kostenartengruppe | 成本类型组 |
| Cut off grade | Abbauwürdigkeit | 边界品位 / 入选品位 |
| Depretiation time | Abschreibungsdauer | 折旧年限 |
| Delivery | Lieferung | 交付 |
| Delivery note | Lieferschein | 交货单 |
| Direct cost | Variable Kosten | 直接成本 / 变动成本 |
| Energy | Energie | 能源 |
| Feasibility stucy | Machbarkeitsstudie | 可行性研究 |
| Goods | Güter | 货物 |
| Indirect cost | Fixkosten | 间接成本 / 固定成本 |
| Invoice | Rechnung | 发票 / 收据 |
| Means of production | Produktionsmittel | 生产资料 |
| Offer | Angebot | 报价 |
| Operating cost | Betriebskosten | 运营成本 |
| Order | Auftrag | 订单 |
| Order confirmation | Auftragsbestätigung | 订单确认 |
| Performance | Leistung | 绩效 / 表现 |
| Production costs | Produktionskosten | 生产成本 |
| Production factors | Produktionsfaktoren | 生产要素 |
| Profitability | Rentabilität | 盈利能力 |
| Profit center | Kostenstelle | 利润中心 |
| Product chain | Produktkette | 产品链 |
| Sales proceeds | Verkaufserlöse | 销售收入 |
| Selling price | Verkaufspreis | 销售价格 |
| Services | (Dienst)leistungen | 服务 |
| Stripping cost | Abraumkosten | 剥离成本 |
| Valuation | Bewertung | 估价 |
| Value chain | Wertschöpfungskette | 价值链 |
Download …
Die folgenden Ressourcen verstehen sich als Präsentationsunterlagen zur Einführung in die Themen Tagebau, Tagebau- und Steinbruchprozesse sowie, Wirtschaft, Management, Automatisierung und Digitalisierung von Tagebaubetrieben.
1.) Bergbauprozesse mit Schwerpunkt auf mobilen Bergbaumaschinen und Digitalisierung (in englischer Sprache)
> Tackling complexity of mobile mining processes
2.) Bergbauprozesse und Führung von Tagebaubetrieben, Automatisierung von Teilprozessen und Büroautomation (in englischer Sprache)
> Management of an open-pit mine
3.) Tagebau und Steinbruchwirtschaft
Impressum
Information und Offenlegung gemäß §5 (1) ECG, § 25 MedienG, § 63 GewO und § 14 UGB
Betreiber der Webseite: Dr.mont. Markus Häupl
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- Email: office@tagebau.at
- Anschrift: 9520 Sattendorf • Seeblickweg 1 • Österreich
- Phone: +43 676 789 8475
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